Impact of Malnutrition on Child Development: The Association Between Stunting and Cognitive Delays

Abstract

Malnutrition, especially stunting, significantly impacts not only a child’s physical growth but also cognitive function, limiting future educational and economic potential. This case-control study evaluated the developmental status of 280 stunted and 280 non-stunted children aged 3–6 years in the province of West Java. Developmental outcomes were assessed using the Denver II test and parental interviews. Stunted children showed significantly lower scores in language acquisition, fine motor skills, and social interaction (p<0.05). Maternal education, early stimulation at home, and attendance in early childhood education programs were identified as modifying factors. Children from low-income households who experienced chronic undernutrition during the first 1,000 days had the highest rates of developmental delay. The results support the notion that cognitive delays are not solely a product of stunting but are worsened by environmental and socio-educational disadvantages. This underscores the importance of integrated early childhood interventions that include both nutritional and cognitive development components.